Evaluating CMR
Clinical Tools
Indices of Total Adiposity
- 1Key Points (1 page)
- 2Indices of Total Adiposity (1 page)
- 3Indices of Total Adiposity - BMI (2 pages)
- 4Indices of Total Adiposity - Skinfolds (1 page)
- 5Indices of Total Adiposity – BIA (1 page)
- 6Indices of Total Adiposity – Densitometry (Hydrostatic Weighing and Air Displacement Plethysmography) (1 page)
- 7References (1 page)
References
- Folsom AR, Kushi LH, Anderson KE, et al. Associations of general and abdominal obesity with multiple health outcomes in older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 2117-28.
- Ho SC, Chen YM, Woo JL, et al. Association between simple anthropometric indices and cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 1689-97.
- Bigaard J, Tjonneland A, Thomsen BL, et al. Waist circumference, BMI, smoking, and mortality in middle-aged men and women. Obes Res 2003; 11: 895-903.
- Allison DB, Zhu SK, Plankey M, et al. Differential associations of body mass index and adiposity with all-cause mortality among men in the first and second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I and NHANES II) follow-up studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 410-6.
- Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, et al. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1097-105.
- Wang Z and Hoy WE. Waist circumference, body mass index, hip circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular disease in Aboriginal people. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58: 888-93.
- Farin HM, Abbasi F and Reaven GM. Body mass index and waist circumference both contribute to differences in insulin-mediated glucose disposal in nondiabetic adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 47-51.
- Wildman RP, Gu D, Reynolds K, et al. Are waist circumference and body mass index independently associated with cardiovascular disease risk in Chinese adults? Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 1195-202.
- Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT and Ross R. Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk: evidence in support of current National Institutes of Health guidelines. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2074-9.
- Karter AJ, D'Agostino RB, Jr., Mayer-Davis EJ, et al. Abdominal obesity predicts declining insulin sensitivity in non-obese normoglycaemics: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Diabetes Obes Metab 2005; 7: 230-8.
- Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT and Ross R. Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 379-84.
- Lau DC, Douketis JD, Morrison KM, et al. 2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children. CMAJ 2007; 176: S1-117.
- Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults--The Evidence Report. National Institutes of Health. Obes Res 1998; 6 Suppl 2: 51S-209S.
- Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 2004; 363: 157-63.
- Deurenberg-Yap M and Deurenberg P. Is a re-evaluation of WHO body mass index cut-off values needed? The case of Asians in Singapore. Nutr Rev 2003; 61: S80-7.
- Dalton M, Cameron AJ, Zimmet PZ, et al. Waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and body mass index and their correlation with cardiovascular disease risk factors in Australian adults. J Intern Med 2003; 254: 555-63.
- Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Davey GK, et al. Validity of self-reported height and weight in 4808 EPIC-Oxford participants. Public Health Nutr 2002; 5: 561-5.
- Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Heo M, et al. Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 694-701.
- Gurrici S, Hartriyanti Y, Hautvast JG, et al. Relationship between body fat and body mass index: differences between Indonesians and Dutch Caucasians. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998; 52: 779-83.
- Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Allison DB, et al. Body mass index and waist circumference independently contribute to the prediction of nonabdominal, abdominal subcutaneous, and visceral fat. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75: 683-8.
- Després JP, Prud'homme D, Pouliot MC, et al. Estimation of deep abdominal adipose-tissue accumulation from simple anthropometric measurements in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 54: 471-7.
- Han TS, McNeill G, Seidell JC, et al. Predicting intra-abdominal fatness from anthropometric measures: the influence of stature. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21: 587-93.
- Ross R, Shaw KD, Rissanen J, et al. Sex differences in lean and adipose tissue distribution by magnetic resonance imaging: anthropometric relationships. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59: 1277-85.
- Ross R, Leger L, Morris D, et al. Quantification of adipose tissue by MRI: relationship with anthropometric variables. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 787-95.
- Seidell JC, Bjorntorp P, Sjostrom L, et al. Regional distribution of muscle and fat mass in men--new insight into the risk of abdominal obesity using computed tomography. Int J Obes 1989; 13: 289-303.
- van der Kooy K, Leenen R, Seidell JC, et al. Waist-hip ratio is a poor predictor of changes in visceral fat. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 57: 327-33.
- Lohman TG, Roche AF and Martello R. Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. 1988.
- Wang J, Thornton JC, Kolesnik S, et al. Anthropometry in body composition. An overview. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 904: 317-26.
- Heymsfield SB, Lohman TG, Wang Z, et al. Human Body Composition. 2005.
- Bray GA, Bouchard C and James WPT. Handbook of Obesity. 1998.
- Pollock ML, Hickman T, Kendrick Z, et al. Prediction of body density in young and middle-aged men. J Appl Physiol 1976; 40: 300-4.
- van der Ploeg GE, Gunn SM, Withers RT, et al. Use of anthropometric variables to predict relative body fat determined by a four-compartment body composition model. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57: 1009-16.
- Peterson MJ, Czerwinski SA and Siervogel RM. Development and validation of skinfold-thickness prediction equations with a 4-compartment model. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 1186-91.
- Fogelholm GM, Sievanen HT, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, et al. Assessment of fat-mass loss during weight reduction in obese women. Metabolism 1997; 46: 968-75.
- Mueller WH and Malina RM. Relative reliability of circumferences and skinfolds as measures of body fat distribution. Am J Phys Anthropol 1987; 72: 437-9.
- Steinberger J, Jacobs DR, Jr, Raatz S, et al. Comparison of body fatness measurements by BMI and skinfolds vs dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and their relation to cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents. Int J Obes 2005; 29: 1346-52.
- Kim J, Meade T and Haines A. Skinfold thickness, body mass index, and fatal coronary heart disease: 30 year follow up of the Northwick Park heart study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2006; 60: 275-9.
- Yarnell JW, Patterson CC, Thomas HF, et al. Central obesity: predictive value of skinfold measurements for subsequent ischaemic heart disease at 14 years follow-up in the Caerphilly Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 1546-9.
- Kalmijn S, Curb JD, Rodriguez BL, et al. The association of body weight and anthropometry with mortality in elderly men: the Honolulu Heart Program. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23: 395-402.
- Ellis KJ, Bell SJ, Chertow GM, et al. Bioelectrical impedance methods in clinical research: a follow-up to the NIH Technology Assessment Conference. Nutrition 1999; 15: 874-80.
- Fogelholm M and van Marken Lichtenbelt W. Comparison of body composition methods: a literature analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997; 51: 495-503.
- Baumgartner R, Chumlea W and Roche A. Bioelectric impedance phase angle and body composition. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 48: 16-23.
- Willett K, Jiang R, Lenart E, et al. Comparison of bioelectrical impedance and BMI in predicting obesity-related medical conditions. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14: 480-90.
- Nagaya T, Yoshida H, Takahashi H, et al. Body mass index (weight/height2) or percentage body fat by bioelectrical impedance analysis: which variable better reflects serum lipid profile? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23: 771-4.
- Kobayashi J, Murano S, Kawamura I, et al. The relationship of percent body fat by bioelectrical impedance analysis with blood pressure, and glucose and lipid parameters. J Atheroscler Thromb 2006; 13: 221-6.
- Akers R and Buskirk ER. An underwater weighing system utilizing "force cube" transducers. J Appl Physiol 1969; 26: 649-52.
- Fields DA, Goran MI and McCrory MA. Body-composition assessment via air-displacement plethysmography in adults and children: a review. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75: 453-67.
- Bosy-Westphal A, Geisler C, Onur S, et al. Value of body fat mass vs anthropometric obesity indices in the assessment of metabolic risk factors. Int J Obes 2005; 30: 475-83.

The Concept of CMR
Slides, videos and more




