The Concept of CMR
Epidemiology
Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
- 1Key Points (1 page)
- 2The “Diabesity” Epidemic (1 page)
- 3Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Epidemiological Evidence (1 page)
- 4Thrifty Genotype vs. Thrifty Phenotype (1 page)
- 5References (1 page)
References
- World Health Organization, Obesity and overweight. Facts. World Health Oranization. Available at: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/media/en/gsfs_obesity.pdf. 2004.
- Bray GA, Bouchard C and James WPT, eds. Handbook of obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker. 1998.
- Ford ES, Williamson DF and Liu S. Weight change and diabetes incidence: findings from a national cohort of US adults. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 146: 214-22.
- Zimmet P, Alberti KG and Shaw J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature 2001; 414: 782-7.
- Amos AF, McCarty DJ and Zimmet P. The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: estimates and projections to the year 2010. Diabet Med 1997; 14 Suppl 5: S1-85.
- King H, Aubert RE and Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1414-31.
- Zimmet PZ. Diabetes epidemiology as a tool to trigger diabetes research and care. Diabetologia 1999; 42: 499-518.
- Astrup A and Finer N. Redefining type 2 diabetes: 'diabesity' or 'obesity dependent diabetes mellitus'? Obes Rev 2000; 1: 57-9.
- Shafrir E. Development and consequences of insulin resistance: lessons from animals with hyperinsulinaemia. Diabetes Metab 1996; 22: 122-31.
- Halpern A and Mancini MC. Diabesity: are weight loss medications effective? Treat Endocrinol 2005; 4: 65-74.
- Stumvoll M, Goldstein BJ and van Haeften TW. Type 2 diabetes: principles of pathogenesis and therapy. Lancet 2005; 365: 1333-46.
- DeFronzo RA. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: metabolic and molecular implications for identifying diabetes genes. Diabetes Rev 1997; 5: 177-269.
- Scheen AJ. Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. In: Kuhlman J, Puls W, eds, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Oral Antidiabetics (Springer Verlag: Berlin) 1996; 7-42.
- Field AE, Coakley EH, Must A, et al. Impact of overweight on the risk of developing common chronic diseases during a 10-year period. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 1581-6.
- John H. Summary of findings in 1100 glucose tolerance estimations. Endocrinology 1929; 13: 388-92.
- West KM and Kalbfleisch JM. Glucose tolerance, nutrition, and diabetes in Uruguay, Venezuela, Malaya, and East Pakistan. Diabetes 1966; 15: 9-18.
- West KM and Kalbfleisch JM. Influence of nutritional factors on prevalence of diabetes. Diabetes 1971; 20: 99-108.
- Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Savage PJ, et al. Diabetes incidence in Pima indians: contributions of obesity and parental diabetes. Am J Epidemiol 1981; 113: 144-56.
- Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, et al. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA 1999; 282: 1523-9.
- Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, et al. Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 481-6.
- Hales CN and Barker DJ. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia 1992; 35: 595-601.

The Concept of CMR
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