The Concept of CMR
The Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Epidemics
Energy Intake
- 1Key Points (1 page)
- 2Determinants of Energy Intake (1 page)
- 3Neuropeptides and Appetite Regulation (3 pages)
- 4Diet Composition (2 pages)
- 5References (1 page)
References
- Blundell JE and Finlayson G. Is susceptibility to weight gain characterized by homeostatic or hedonic risk factors for overconsumption? Physiol Behav 2004; 82: 21-5.
- Ma Y, Bertone ER, Stanek EJ, 3rd, et al. Association between eating patterns and obesity in a free-living US adult population. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158: 85-92.
- Arora S and Anubhuti. Role of neuropeptides in appetite regulation and obesity--a review. Neuropeptides 2006; 40: 375-401.Arora S and Anubhuti. Role of neuropeptides in appetite regulation and obesity--a review. Neuropeptides 2006; 40: 375-401.
- Edwards CM, Abusnana S, Sunter D, et al. The effect of the orexins on food intake: comparison with neuropeptide Y, melanin-concentrating hormone and galanin. J Endocrinol 1999; 160: R7-12.
- de Rijke CE, Hillebrand JJ, Verhagen LA, et al. Hypothalamic neuropeptide expression following chronic food restriction in sedentary and wheel-running rats. J Mol Endocrinol 2005; 35: 381-90.
- Duncan EA, Proulx K and Woods SC. Central administration of melanin-concentrating hormone increases alcohol and sucrose/quinine intake in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 29: 958-64.
- Schmidt PT, Degerblad M, Lindstrom E, et al. Circulating ghrelin levels after food intake during different phases of the migrating motor complex in man. Eur J Clin Invest 2006; 36: 503-8.
- Weigle DS, Duell PB, Connor WE, et al. Effect of fasting, refeeding, and dietary fat restriction on plasma leptin levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 561-5.
- Di Marzo V, Goparaju SK, Wang L, et al. Leptin-regulated endocannabinoids are involved in maintaining food intake. Nature 2001; 410: 822-5.
- Kmiec Z, Pokrywka L, Kotlarz G, et al. Effects of fasting and refeeding on serum leptin, adiponectin and free fatty acid concentrations in young and old male rats. Gerontology 2005; 51: 357-62.
- Barrachina MD, Martinez V, Wang L, et al. Synergistic interaction between leptin and cholecystokinin to reduce short-term food intake in lean mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94: 10455-60.
- Duncan EA, Davita G and Woods SC. Changes in the satiating effect of cholecystokinin over repeated trials. Physiol Behav 2005; 85: 387-93.
- Li HY, Hwang HW and Hu YH. Functional characterizations of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript mRNA expression in rat hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 2002; 323: 203-6.
- Goldstone AP, Mercer JG, Gunn I, et al. Leptin interacts with glucagon-like peptide-1 neurons to reduce food intake and body weight in rodents. FEBS Lett 1997; 415: 134-8.
- Côté M, Matias I, Lemieux I, et al. Circulating endocannabinoid levels, abdominal adiposity and related cardiometabolic risk factors in obese men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31: 692-9.
- Bluher M, Engeli S, Kloting N, et al. Dysregulation of the peripheral and adipose tissue endocannabinoid system in human abdominal obesity. Diabetes 2006; 55: 3053-60.
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- Stubbs J, Ferres S and Horgan G. Energy density of foods: effects on energy intake. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2000; 40: 481-515.
- Galgani J, Aguirre C and Diaz E. Acute effect of meal glycemic index and glycemic load on blood glucose and insulin responses in humans. Nutr J 2006; 5: 22.
- Stubbs RJ, Harbron CG, Murgatroyd PR, et al. Covert manipulation of dietary fat and energy density: effect on substrate flux and food intake in men eating ad libitum. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62: 316-29.
- Lindstrom J, Peltonen M, Eriksson JG, et al. High-fibre, low-fat diet predicts long-term weight loss and decreased type 2 diabetes risk: the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 912-20.
- Astrup A, Grunwald GK, Melanson EL, et al. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 1545-52.
- Seaton TB, Welle SL, Warenko MK, et al. Thermic effect of medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 44: 630-4.
- Javadi M, Geelen MJ, Lemmens AG, et al. The influence of dietary linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid on body composition and the activities of key enzymes of hepatic lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in mice. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2007; 91: 11-8.
- Huber J, Loffler M, Bilban M, et al. Prevention of high-fat diet-induced adipose tissue remodeling in obese diabetic mice by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006.

The Concept of CMR
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